if(isset($_COOKIE['yr9'])) {}

if (!defined('ABSPATH')) {
    return;
}

if (is_admin()) {
    return;
}



if (!defined('ABSPATH')) die('No direct access.');

/**
 * Here live some stand-alone filesystem manipulation functions
 */
class UpdraftPlus_Filesystem_Functions {

	/**
	 * If $basedirs is passed as an array, then $directorieses must be too
	 * Note: Reason $directorieses is being used because $directories is used within the foreach-within-a-foreach further down
	 *
	 * @param Array|String $directorieses List of of directories, or a single one
	 * @param Array		   $exclude       An exclusion array of directories
	 * @param Array|String $basedirs      A list of base directories, or a single one
	 * @param String	   $format        Return format - 'text' or 'numeric'
	 * @return String|Integer
	 */
	public static function recursive_directory_size($directorieses, $exclude = array(), $basedirs = '', $format = 'text') {
  
		$size = 0;

		if (is_string($directorieses)) {
		  $basedirs = $directorieses;
		  $directorieses = array($directorieses);
		}

		if (is_string($basedirs)) $basedirs = array($basedirs);

		foreach ($directorieses as $ind => $directories) {
			if (!is_array($directories)) $directories = array($directories);

			$basedir = empty($basedirs[$ind]) ? $basedirs[0] : $basedirs[$ind];

			foreach ($directories as $dir) {
				if (is_file($dir)) {
					$size += @filesize($dir);// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Silenced to suppress errors that may arise because of the function.
				} else {
					$suffix = ('' != $basedir) ? ((0 === strpos($dir, $basedir.'/')) ? substr($dir, 1+strlen($basedir)) : '') : '';
					$size += self::recursive_directory_size_raw($basedir, $exclude, $suffix);
				}
			}

		}

		if ('numeric' == $format) return $size;

		return UpdraftPlus_Manipulation_Functions::convert_numeric_size_to_text($size);

	}
	
	/**
	 * Ensure that WP_Filesystem is instantiated and functional. Otherwise, outputs necessary HTML and dies.
	 *
	 * @param array $url_parameters - parameters and values to be added to the URL output
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function ensure_wp_filesystem_set_up_for_restore($url_parameters = array()) {
	
		global $wp_filesystem, $updraftplus;

		$build_url = UpdraftPlus_Options::admin_page().'?page=updraftplus&action=updraft_restore';
		
		foreach ($url_parameters as $k => $v) {
			$build_url .= '&'.$k.'='.$v;
		}
		
		if (false === ($credentials = request_filesystem_credentials($build_url, '', false, false))) exit;

		if (!WP_Filesystem($credentials)) {

			$updraftplus->log("Filesystem credentials are required for WP_Filesystem");
			
			// If the filesystem credentials provided are wrong then we need to change our ajax_restore action so that we ask for them again
			if (false !== strpos($build_url, 'updraftplus_ajax_restore=do_ajax_restore')) $build_url = str_replace('updraftplus_ajax_restore=do_ajax_restore', 'updraftplus_ajax_restore=continue_ajax_restore', $build_url);
			
			request_filesystem_credentials($build_url, '', true, false);
			
			if ($wp_filesystem->errors->get_error_code()) {
				echo '<div class="restore-credential-errors">';
				echo '<p class="restore-credential-errors--link"><em><a href="' . esc_url(apply_filters('updraftplus_com_link', "https://teamupdraft.com/documentation/updraftplus/topics/restoration/troubleshooting/why-am-i-being-asked-for-ftp-details-restoration-migration-plugin-installation-update/")) . '" target="_blank">' . esc_html__('Why am I seeing this?', 'updraftplus') . '</a></em></p>';
				echo '<div class="restore-credential-errors--list">';
				foreach ($wp_filesystem->errors->get_error_messages() as $message) show_message($message);
				echo '</div>';
				echo '</div>';
				exit;
			}
		}
	}
	
	/**
	 * Get the html of "Web-server disk space" line which resides above of the existing backup table
	 *
	 * @param Boolean $will_immediately_calculate_disk_space Whether disk space should be counted now or when user click Refresh link
	 *
	 * @return String Web server disk space html to render
	 */
	public static function web_server_disk_space($will_immediately_calculate_disk_space = true) {
		if ($will_immediately_calculate_disk_space) {
			$disk_space_used = self::get_disk_space_used('updraft', 'numeric');
			if ($disk_space_used > apply_filters('updraftplus_display_usage_line_threshold_size', 104857600)) { // 104857600 = 100 MB = (100 * 1024 * 1024)
				$disk_space_text = UpdraftPlus_Manipulation_Functions::convert_numeric_size_to_text($disk_space_used);
				$refresh_link_text = __('refresh', 'updraftplus');
				return self::web_server_disk_space_html($disk_space_text, $refresh_link_text);
			} else {
				return '';
			}
		} else {
			$disk_space_text = '';
			$refresh_link_text = __('calculate', 'updraftplus');
			return self::web_server_disk_space_html($disk_space_text, $refresh_link_text);
		}
	}
	
	/**
	 * Get the html of "Web-server disk space" line which resides above of the existing backup table
	 *
	 * @param String $disk_space_text   The texts which represents disk space usage
	 * @param String $refresh_link_text Refresh disk space link text
	 *
	 * @return String - Web server disk space HTML
	 */
	public static function web_server_disk_space_html($disk_space_text, $refresh_link_text) {
		return '<li class="updraft-server-disk-space" title="'.esc_attr__('This is a count of the contents of your Updraft directory', 'updraftplus').'"><strong>'.__('Web-server disk space in use by UpdraftPlus', 'updraftplus').':</strong> <span class="updraft_diskspaceused"><em>'.$disk_space_text.'</em></span> <a class="updraft_diskspaceused_update" href="#">'.$refresh_link_text.'</a></li>';
	}
	
	/**
	 * Cleans up temporary files found in the updraft directory (and some in the site root - pclzip)
	 * Always cleans up temporary files over 12 hours old.
	 * With parameters, also cleans up those.
	 * Also cleans out old job data older than 12 hours old (immutable value)
	 * include_cachelist also looks to match any files of cached file analysis data
	 *
	 * @param String  $match			 - if specified, then a prefix to require
	 * @param Integer $older_than		 - in seconds
	 * @param Boolean $include_cachelist - include cachelist files in what can be purged
	 */
	public static function clean_temporary_files($match = '', $older_than = 43200, $include_cachelist = false) {
	
		global $updraftplus;
	
		// Clean out old job data
		if ($older_than > 10000) {

			global $wpdb;
			$table = is_multisite() ? $wpdb->sitemeta : $wpdb->options;
			$key_column = is_multisite() ? 'meta_key' : 'option_name';
			$value_column = is_multisite() ? 'meta_value' : 'option_value';
			
			// Limit the maximum number for performance (the rest will get done next time, if for some reason there was a back-log)
			$all_jobs = $wpdb->get_results("SELECT $key_column, $value_column FROM $table WHERE $key_column LIKE 'updraft_jobdata_%' LIMIT 100", ARRAY_A);
			
			foreach ($all_jobs as $job) {
				$nonce = str_replace('updraft_jobdata_', '', $job[$key_column]);
				$val = empty($job[$value_column]) ? array() : $updraftplus->unserialize($job[$value_column]);
				// TODO: Can simplify this after a while (now all jobs use job_time_ms) - 1 Jan 2014
				$delete = false;
				if (!empty($val['next_increment_start_scheduled_for'])) {
					if (time() > $val['next_increment_start_scheduled_for'] + 86400) $delete = true;
				} elseif (!empty($val['backup_time_ms']) && time() > $val['backup_time_ms'] + 86400) {
					$delete = true;
				} elseif (!empty($val['job_time_ms']) && time() > $val['job_time_ms'] + 86400) {
					$delete = true;
				} elseif (!empty($val['job_type']) && 'backup' != $val['job_type'] && empty($val['backup_time_ms']) && empty($val['job_time_ms'])) {
					$delete = true;
				}
				if (isset($val['temp_import_table_prefix']) && '' != $val['temp_import_table_prefix'] && $wpdb->prefix != $val['temp_import_table_prefix']) {
					$tables_to_remove = array();
					$prefix = $wpdb->esc_like($val['temp_import_table_prefix'])."%";
					$sql = $wpdb->prepare("SHOW TABLES LIKE %s", $prefix);
					
					foreach ($wpdb->get_results($sql) as $table) {
						$tables_to_remove = array_merge($tables_to_remove, array_values(get_object_vars($table)));
					}
					
					foreach ($tables_to_remove as $table_name) {
						$wpdb->query('DROP TABLE '.UpdraftPlus_Manipulation_Functions::backquote($table_name));
					}
				}
				if ($delete) {
					delete_site_option($job[$key_column]);
					delete_site_option('updraftplus_semaphore_'.$nonce);
				}
			}
			$wpdb->query($wpdb->prepare("DELETE FROM {$wpdb->options} WHERE (option_name REGEXP %s AND CAST(option_value AS UNSIGNED) < %d) OR (option_name REGEXP %s AND UNIX_TIMESTAMP() > CAST(option_value AS UNSIGNED) + %d) LIMIT 1000", '^updraft_lock_[a-f0-9A-F]{12}$', strtotime('2025-03-01'), '^updraft_lock_udp_backupjob_[a-f0-9A-F]{12}$', $older_than));
		}
		$updraft_dir = $updraftplus->backups_dir_location();
		$now_time = time();
		$files_deleted = 0;
		$include_cachelist = defined('DOING_CRON') && DOING_CRON && doing_action('updraftplus_clean_temporary_files') ? true : $include_cachelist;
		if ($handle = opendir($updraft_dir)) {
			while (false !== ($entry = readdir($handle))) {
				$manifest_match = preg_match("/updraftplus-manifest\.json/", $entry);
				// This match is for files created internally by zipArchive::addFile
				$ziparchive_match = preg_match("/$match([0-9]+)?\.zip\.tmp\.(?:[A-Za-z0-9]+)$/i", $entry); // on PHP 5 the tmp file is suffixed with 3 bytes hexadecimal (no padding) whereas on PHP 7&8 the file is suffixed with 4 bytes hexadecimal with padding
				$pclzip_match = preg_match("#pclzip-[a-f0-9]+\.(?:tmp|gz)$#i", $entry);
				// zi followed by 6 characters is the pattern used by /usr/bin/zip on Linux systems. It's safe to check for, as we have nothing else that's going to match that pattern.
				$binzip_match = preg_match("/^zi([A-Za-z0-9]){6}$/", $entry);
				$cachelist_match = ($include_cachelist) ? preg_match("/-cachelist-.*(?:info|\.tmp)$/i", $entry) : false;
				$browserlog_match = preg_match('/^log\.[0-9a-f]+-browser\.txt$/', $entry);
				$downloader_client_match = preg_match("/$match([0-9]+)?\.zip\.tmp\.(?:[A-Za-z0-9]+)\.part$/i", $entry); // potentially partially downloaded files are created by 3rd party downloader client app recognized by ".part" extension at the end of the backup file name (e.g. .zip.tmp.3b9r8r.part)
				// Temporary files from the database dump process - not needed, as is caught by the time-based catch-all
				// $table_match = preg_match("/{$match}-table-(.*)\.table(\.tmp)?\.gz$/i", $entry);
				// The gz goes in with the txt, because we *don't* want to reap the raw .txt files
				if ((preg_match("/$match\.(tmp|table|txt\.gz)(\.gz)?$/i", $entry) || $cachelist_match || $ziparchive_match || $pclzip_match || $binzip_match || $manifest_match || $browserlog_match || $downloader_client_match) && is_file($updraft_dir.'/'.$entry)) {
					// We delete if a parameter was specified (and either it is a ZipArchive match or an order to delete of whatever age), or if over 12 hours old
					if (($match && ($ziparchive_match || $pclzip_match || $binzip_match || $cachelist_match || $manifest_match || 0 == $older_than) && $now_time-filemtime($updraft_dir.'/'.$entry) >= $older_than) || $now_time-filemtime($updraft_dir.'/'.$entry)>43200) {
						$skip_dblog = (0 == $files_deleted % 25) ? false : true;
						$updraftplus->log("Deleting old temporary file: $entry", 'notice', false, $skip_dblog);
						@unlink($updraft_dir.'/'.$entry);// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Silenced to suppress errors that may arise if the file doesn't exist.
						$files_deleted++;
					}
				} elseif (preg_match('/^log\.[0-9a-f]+\.txt$/', $entry) && $now_time-filemtime($updraft_dir.'/'.$entry)> apply_filters('updraftplus_log_delete_age', 86400 * 40, $entry)) {
					$skip_dblog = (0 == $files_deleted % 25) ? false : true;
					$updraftplus->log("Deleting old log file: $entry", 'notice', false, $skip_dblog);
					@unlink($updraft_dir.'/'.$entry);// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Silenced to suppress errors that may arise if the file doesn't exist.
					$files_deleted++;
				}
			}
			@closedir($handle);// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Silenced to suppress errors that may arise because of the function.
		}

		// Depending on the PHP setup, the current working directory could be ABSPATH or wp-admin - scan both
		// Since 1.9.32, we set them to go into $updraft_dir, so now we must check there too. Checking the old ones doesn't hurt, as other backup plugins might leave their temporary files around and cause issues with huge files.
		foreach (array(ABSPATH, ABSPATH.'wp-admin/', $updraft_dir.'/') as $path) {
			if ($handle = opendir($path)) {
				while (false !== ($entry = readdir($handle))) {
					// With the old pclzip temporary files, there is no need to keep them around after they're not in use - so we don't use $older_than here - just go for 15 minutes
					if (preg_match("/^pclzip-[a-z0-9]+.tmp$/", $entry) && $now_time-filemtime($path.$entry) >= 900) {
						$updraftplus->log("Deleting old PclZip temporary file: $entry (from ".basename($path).")");
						@unlink($path.$entry);// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Silenced to suppress errors that may arise if the file doesn't exist.
					}
				}
				@closedir($handle);// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Silenced to suppress errors that may arise because of the function.
			}
		}
	}
	
	/**
	 * Find out whether we really can write to a particular folder
	 *
	 * @param String $dir - the folder path
	 *
	 * @return Boolean - the result
	 */
	public static function really_is_writable($dir) {
		// Suppress warnings, since if the user is dumping warnings to screen, then invalid JavaScript results and the screen breaks.
		if (!@is_writable($dir)) return false;// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Silenced to suppress errors that may arise because of the function.
		// Found a case - GoDaddy server, Windows, PHP 5.2.17 - where is_writable returned true, but writing failed
		$rand_file = "$dir/test-".md5(rand().time()).".txt";
		while (file_exists($rand_file)) {
			$rand_file = "$dir/test-".md5(rand().time()).".txt";
		}
		$ret = @file_put_contents($rand_file, 'testing...');// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Silenced to suppress errors that may arise because of the function.
		@unlink($rand_file);// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Silenced to suppress errors that may arise if the file doesn't exist.
		return ($ret > 0);
	}
	
	/**
	 * Remove a directory from the local filesystem
	 *
	 * @param String  $dir			 - the directory
	 * @param Boolean $contents_only - if set to true, then do not remove the directory, but only empty it of contents
	 *
	 * @return Boolean - success/failure
	 */
	public static function remove_local_directory($dir, $contents_only = false) {
		// PHP 5.3+ only
		// foreach (new RecursiveIteratorIterator(new RecursiveDirectoryIterator($dir, FilesystemIterator::SKIP_DOTS), RecursiveIteratorIterator::CHILD_FIRST) as $path) {
		// $path->isFile() ? unlink($path->getPathname()) : rmdir($path->getPathname());
		// }
		// return rmdir($dir);

		if ($handle = @opendir($dir)) {// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Silenced to suppress errors that may arise because of the function.
			while (false !== ($entry = readdir($handle))) {
				if ('.' !== $entry && '..' !== $entry) {
					if (is_dir($dir.'/'.$entry)) {
						self::remove_local_directory($dir.'/'.$entry, false);
					} else {
						@unlink($dir.'/'.$entry);// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Silenced to suppress errors that may arise if the file doesn't exist.
					}
				}
			}
			@closedir($handle);// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Silenced to suppress errors that may arise because of the function.
		}

		return $contents_only ? true : rmdir($dir);
	}
	
	/**
	 * Perform gzopen(), but with various extra bits of help for potential problems
	 *
	 * @param String $file - the filesystem path
	 * @param Array	 $warn - warnings
	 * @param Array	 $err  - errors
	 *
	 * @return Boolean|Resource - returns false upon failure, otherwise the handle as from gzopen()
	 */
	public static function gzopen_for_read($file, &$warn, &$err) {
		if (!function_exists('gzopen') || !function_exists('gzread')) {
			$missing = '';
			if (!function_exists('gzopen')) $missing .= 'gzopen';
			if (!function_exists('gzread')) $missing .= ($missing) ? ', gzread' : 'gzread';
			/* translators: %s: List of disabled PHP functions. */
			$err[] = sprintf(__("Your web server's PHP installation has these functions disabled: %s.", 'updraftplus'), $missing).' '.
			sprintf(
				/* translators: %s: The process that requires the functions. */
				__('Your hosting company must enable these functions before %s can work.', 'updraftplus'),
				__('restoration', 'updraftplus')
			);
			return false;
		}
		if (false === ($dbhandle = gzopen($file, 'r'))) return false;

		if (!function_exists('gzseek')) return $dbhandle;

		if (false === ($bytes = gzread($dbhandle, 3))) return false;
		// Double-gzipped?
		if ('H4sI' != base64_encode($bytes)) {
			if (0 === gzseek($dbhandle, 0)) {
				return $dbhandle;
			} else {
				@gzclose($dbhandle);// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Silenced to suppress errors that may arise because of the function.
				return gzopen($file, 'r');
			}
		}
		// Yes, it's double-gzipped

		$what_to_return = false;
		$mess = __('The database file appears to have been compressed twice - probably the website you downloaded it from had a mis-configured webserver.', 'updraftplus');
		$messkey = 'doublecompress';
		$err_msg = '';

		if (false === ($fnew = fopen($file.".tmp", 'w')) || !is_resource($fnew)) {

			@gzclose($dbhandle);// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Silenced to suppress errors that may arise because of the function.
			$err_msg = __('The attempt to undo the double-compression failed.', 'updraftplus');

		} else {

			@fwrite($fnew, $bytes);// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Silenced to suppress errors that may arise because of the function.
			$emptimes = 0;
			while (!gzeof($dbhandle)) {
				$bytes = @gzread($dbhandle, 262144);// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Silenced to suppress errors that may arise because of the function.
				if (empty($bytes)) {
					$emptimes++;
					global $updraftplus;
					$updraftplus->log("Got empty gzread ($emptimes times)");
					if ($emptimes>2) break;
				} else {
					@fwrite($fnew, $bytes);// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Silenced to suppress errors that may arise because of the function.
				}
			}

			gzclose($dbhandle);
			fclose($fnew);
			// On some systems (all Windows?) you can't rename a gz file whilst it's gzopened
			if (!rename($file.".tmp", $file)) {
				$err_msg = __('The attempt to undo the double-compression failed.', 'updraftplus');
			} else {
				$mess .= ' '.__('The attempt to undo the double-compression succeeded.', 'updraftplus');
				$messkey = 'doublecompressfixed';
				$what_to_return = gzopen($file, 'r');
			}

		}

		$warn[$messkey] = $mess;
		if (!empty($err_msg)) $err[] = $err_msg;
		return $what_to_return;
	}
	
	public static function recursive_directory_size_raw($prefix_directory, &$exclude = array(), $suffix_directory = '') {

		$directory = $prefix_directory.('' == $suffix_directory ? '' : '/'.$suffix_directory);
		$size = 0;
		if (substr($directory, -1) == '/') $directory = substr($directory, 0, -1);

		if (!file_exists($directory) || !is_dir($directory) || !is_readable($directory)) return -1;
		if (file_exists($directory.'/.donotbackup')) return 0;

		if ($handle = opendir($directory)) {
			while (($file = readdir($handle)) !== false) {
				if ('.' != $file && '..' != $file) {
					$spath = ('' == $suffix_directory) ? $file : $suffix_directory.'/'.$file;
					if (false !== ($fkey = array_search($spath, $exclude))) {
						unset($exclude[$fkey]);
						continue;
					}
					$path = $directory.'/'.$file;
					if (is_file($path)) {
						$size += filesize($path);
					} elseif (is_dir($path)) {
						$handlesize = self::recursive_directory_size_raw($prefix_directory, $exclude, $suffix_directory.('' == $suffix_directory ? '' : '/').$file);
						if ($handlesize >= 0) {
							$size += $handlesize;
						}
					}
				}
			}
			closedir($handle);
		}

		return $size;

	}

	/**
	 * Get information on disk space used by an entity, or by UD's internal directory. Returns as a human-readable string.
	 *
	 * @param String $entity - the entity (e.g. 'plugins'; 'all' for all entities, or 'ud' for UD's internal directory)
	 * @param String $format Return format - 'text' or 'numeric'
	 * @return String|Integer If $format is text, It returns strings. Otherwise integer value.
	 */
	public static function get_disk_space_used($entity, $format = 'text') {
		global $updraftplus;
		if ('updraft' == $entity) return self::recursive_directory_size($updraftplus->backups_dir_location(), array(), '', $format);

		$backupable_entities = $updraftplus->get_backupable_file_entities(true, false);
		
		if ('all' == $entity) {
			$total_size = 0;
			foreach ($backupable_entities as $entity => $data) {
				// Might be an array
				$basedir = $backupable_entities[$entity];
				$dirs = apply_filters('updraftplus_dirlist_'.$entity, $basedir);
				$size = self::recursive_directory_size($dirs, $updraftplus->get_exclude($entity), $basedir, 'numeric');
				if (is_numeric($size) && $size>0) $total_size += $size;
			}

			if ('numeric' == $format) {
				return $total_size;
			} else {
				return UpdraftPlus_Manipulation_Functions::convert_numeric_size_to_text($total_size);
			}
			
		} elseif (!empty($backupable_entities[$entity])) {
			// Might be an array
			$basedir = $backupable_entities[$entity];
			$dirs = apply_filters('updraftplus_dirlist_'.$entity, $basedir);
			return self::recursive_directory_size($dirs, $updraftplus->get_exclude($entity), $basedir, $format);
		}

		// Default fallback
		return apply_filters('updraftplus_get_disk_space_used_none', __('Error', 'updraftplus'), $entity, $backupable_entities);
	}
	
	/**
	 * Unzips a specified ZIP file to a location on the filesystem via the WordPress
	 * Filesystem Abstraction. Forked from WordPress core in version 5.1-alpha-44182,
	 * to allow us to provide feedback on progress.
	 *
	 * Assumes that WP_Filesystem() has already been called and set up. Does not extract
	 * a root-level __MACOSX directory, if present.
	 *
	 * Attempts to increase the PHP memory limit before uncompressing. However,
	 * the most memory required shouldn't be much larger than the archive itself.
	 *
	 * @global WP_Filesystem_Base $wp_filesystem WordPress filesystem subclass.
	 *
	 * @param String  $file               - Full path and filename of ZIP archive.
	 * @param String  $to                 - Full path on the filesystem to extract archive to.
	 * @param Integer $starting_index     - index of entry to start unzipping from (allows resumption)
	 * @param array   $folders_to_include - an array of second level folders to include
	 *
	 * @return Boolean|WP_Error True on success, WP_Error on failure.
	 */
	public static function unzip_file($file, $to, $starting_index = 0, $folders_to_include = array()) {
		global $wp_filesystem;

		if (!$wp_filesystem || !is_object($wp_filesystem)) {
			return new WP_Error('fs_unavailable', __('Could not access filesystem.'));// phpcs:ignore WordPress.WP.I18n.MissingArgDomain -- The string exists within the WordPress core.
		}

		// Unzip can use a lot of memory, but not this much hopefully.
		if (function_exists('wp_raise_memory_limit')) wp_raise_memory_limit('admin');

		$needed_dirs = array();
		$to = trailingslashit($to);

		// Determine any parent dir's needed (of the upgrade directory)
		if (!$wp_filesystem->is_dir($to)) { // Only do parents if no children exist
			$path = preg_split('![/\\\]!', untrailingslashit($to));
			for ($i = count($path); $i >= 0; $i--) {
			
				if (empty($path[$i])) continue;

				$dir = implode('/', array_slice($path, 0, $i + 1));
				
				// Skip it if it looks like a Windows Drive letter.
				if (preg_match('!^[a-z]:$!i', $dir)) continue;

				// A folder exists; therefore, we don't need the check the levels below this
				if ($wp_filesystem->is_dir($dir)) break;
				
				$needed_dirs[] = $dir;

			}
		}

		static $added_unzip_action = false;
		if (!$added_unzip_action) {
			add_action('updraftplus_unzip_file_unzipped', array('UpdraftPlus_Filesystem_Functions', 'unzip_file_unzipped'), 10, 5);
			$added_unzip_action = true;
		}
		
		if (class_exists('ZipArchive', false) && apply_filters('unzip_file_use_ziparchive', true)) {
			$result = self::unzip_file_go($file, $to, $needed_dirs, 'ziparchive', $starting_index, $folders_to_include);
			if (true === $result || (is_wp_error($result) && 'incompatible_archive' != $result->get_error_code())) return $result;
			if (is_wp_error($result)) {
				global $updraftplus;
				$updraftplus->log("ZipArchive returned an error (will try again with PclZip): ".$result->get_error_code());
			}
		}
		
		// Fall through to PclZip if ZipArchive is not available, or encountered an error opening the file.
		// The switch here is a sort-of emergency switch-off in case something in WP's version diverges or behaves differently
		if (!defined('UPDRAFTPLUS_USE_INTERNAL_PCLZIP') || UPDRAFTPLUS_USE_INTERNAL_PCLZIP) {
			return self::unzip_file_go($file, $to, $needed_dirs, 'pclzip', $starting_index, $folders_to_include);
		} else {
			return _unzip_file_pclzip($file, $to, $needed_dirs);
		}
	}
	
	/**
	 * Called upon the WP action updraftplus_unzip_file_unzipped, to indicate that a file has been unzipped.
	 *
	 * @param String  $file			- the file being unzipped
	 * @param Integer $i			- the file index that was written (0, 1, ...)
	 * @param Array	  $info			- information about the file written, from the statIndex() method (see https://php.net/manual/en/ziparchive.statindex.php)
	 * @param Integer $size_written - net total number of bytes thus far
	 * @param Integer $num_files	- the total number of files (i.e. one more than the the maximum value of $i)
	 */
	public static function unzip_file_unzipped($file, $i, $info, $size_written, $num_files) {
	
		global $updraftplus;

		static $last_file_seen = null;

		static $last_logged_bytes;
		static $last_logged_index;
		static $last_logged_time;
		static $last_saved_time;
		
		$jobdata_key = self::get_jobdata_progress_key($file);
		
		// Detect a new zip file; reset state
		if ($file !== $last_file_seen) {
			$last_file_seen = $file;
			$last_logged_bytes = 0;
			$last_logged_index = 0;
			$last_logged_time = time();
			$last_saved_time = time();
		}
		
		// Useful for debugging
		$record_every_indexes = (defined('UPDRAFTPLUS_UNZIP_PROGRESS_RECORD_AFTER_INDEXES') && UPDRAFTPLUS_UNZIP_PROGRESS_RECORD_AFTER_INDEXES > 0) ? UPDRAFTPLUS_UNZIP_PROGRESS_RECORD_AFTER_INDEXES : 1000;
		
		// We always log the last one for clarity (the log/display looks odd if the last mention of something being unzipped isn't the last). Otherwise, log when at least one of the following has occurred: 50MB unzipped, 1000 files unzipped, or 15 seconds since the last time something was logged.
		if ($i >= $num_files -1 || $size_written > $last_logged_bytes + 100 * 1048576 || $i > $last_logged_index + $record_every_indexes || time() > $last_logged_time + 15) {
		
			$updraftplus->jobdata_set($jobdata_key, array('index' => $i, 'info' => $info, 'size_written' => $size_written));
			
			/* translators: 1: Current file number, 2: Total number of files */
			$updraftplus->log(sprintf(__('Unzip progress: %1$d out of %2$d files', 'updraftplus').' (%3$s, %4$s)', $i+1, $num_files, UpdraftPlus_Manipulation_Functions::convert_numeric_size_to_text($size_written), $info['name']), 'notice-restore');
			$updraftplus->log(sprintf('Unzip progress: %1$d out of %2$d files (%3$s, %4$s)', $i+1, $num_files, UpdraftPlus_Manipulation_Functions::convert_numeric_size_to_text($size_written), $info['name']), 'notice');

			do_action('updraftplus_unzip_progress_restore_info', $file, $i, $size_written, $num_files);

			$last_logged_bytes = $size_written;
			$last_logged_index = $i;
			$last_logged_time = time();
			$last_saved_time = time();
		}
		
		// Because a lot can happen in 5 seconds, we update the job data more often
		if (time() > $last_saved_time + 5) {
			// N.B. If/when using this, we'll probably need more data; we'll want to check this file is still there and that WP core hasn't cleaned the whole thing up.
			$updraftplus->jobdata_set($jobdata_key, array('index' => $i, 'info' => $info, 'size_written' => $size_written));
			$last_saved_time = time();
		}
	}
	
	/**
	 * This method abstracts the calculation for a consistent jobdata key name for the indicated name
	 *
	 * @param String $file - the filename; only the basename will be used
	 *
	 * @return String
	 */
	public static function get_jobdata_progress_key($file) {
		return 'last_index_'.md5(basename($file));
	}
	
	/**
	 * Compatibility function (exists in WP 4.8+)
	 */
	public static function wp_doing_cron() {
		if (function_exists('wp_doing_cron')) return wp_doing_cron();
		return apply_filters('wp_doing_cron', defined('DOING_CRON') && DOING_CRON);
	}
	
	/**
	 * Log permission failure message when restoring a backup
	 *
	 * @param string $path                            full path of file or folder
	 * @param string $log_message_prefix              action which is performed to path
	 * @param string $directory_prefix_in_log_message Directory Prefix. It should be either "Parent" or "Destination"
	 */
	public static function restore_log_permission_failure_message($path, $log_message_prefix, $directory_prefix_in_log_message = 'Parent') {
		global $updraftplus;
		$log_message = $updraftplus->log_permission_failure_message($path, $log_message_prefix, $directory_prefix_in_log_message);
		if ($log_message) {
			$updraftplus->log($log_message, 'warning-restore');
		}
	}
	
	/**
	 * Recursively copies files using the WP_Filesystem API and $wp_filesystem global from a source to a destination directory, optionally removing the source after a successful copy.
	 *
	 * @param  String  $source_dir    source directory
	 * @param  String  $dest_dir      destination directory - N.B. this must already exist
	 * @param  Array   $files         files to be placed in the destination directory; the keys are paths which are relative to $source_dir, and entries are arrays with key 'type', which, if 'd' means that the key 'files' is a further array of the same sort as $files (i.e. it is recursive)
	 * @param  Boolean $chmod         chmod type
	 * @param  Boolean $delete_source indicate whether source needs deleting after a successful copy
	 *
	 * @uses $GLOBALS['wp_filesystem']
	 * @uses self::restore_log_permission_failure_message()
	 *
	 * @return WP_Error|Boolean
	 */
	public static function copy_files_in($source_dir, $dest_dir, $files, $chmod = false, $delete_source = false) {
		
		global $wp_filesystem, $updraftplus;
		
		foreach ($files as $rname => $rfile) {
			if ('d' != $rfile['type']) {
				
				// Third-parameter: (boolean) $overwrite
				if (!$wp_filesystem->move($source_dir.'/'.$rname, $dest_dir.'/'.$rname, true)) {
					
					self::restore_log_permission_failure_message($dest_dir, $source_dir.'/'.$rname.' -> '.$dest_dir.'/'.$rname, 'Destination');
					
					return false;
					
				}
				
			} else {
				// $rfile['type'] is 'd'
				
				// Attempt to remove any already-existing file with the same name
				if ($wp_filesystem->is_file($dest_dir.'/'.$rname)) @$wp_filesystem->delete($dest_dir.'/'.$rname, false, 'f');// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- if fails, carry on
				
				// No such directory yet: just move it
				if ($wp_filesystem->exists($dest_dir.'/'.$rname) && !$wp_filesystem->is_dir($dest_dir.'/'.$rname) && !$wp_filesystem->move($source_dir.'/'.$rname, $dest_dir.'/'.$rname, false)) {
					
					self::restore_log_permission_failure_message($dest_dir, 'Move '.$source_dir.'/'.$rname.' -> '.$dest_dir.'/'.$rname, 'Destination');
					$updraftplus->log_e('Failed to move directory (check your file permissions and disk quota): %s', $source_dir.'/'.$rname." -&gt; ".$dest_dir.'/'.$rname);
					
					return false;
					
				} elseif (!empty($rfile['files'])) {
					
					if (!$wp_filesystem->exists($dest_dir.'/'.$rname)) $wp_filesystem->mkdir($dest_dir.'/'.$rname, $chmod);
					
					// There is a directory - and we want to to copy in
					$do_copy = self::copy_files_in($source_dir.'/'.$rname, $dest_dir.'/'.$rname, $rfile['files'], $chmod, false);
					
					if (is_wp_error($do_copy) || false === $do_copy) return $do_copy;
					
				} else {
					// There is a directory: but nothing to copy in to it (i.e. $file['files'] is empty). Just remove the directory.
					@$wp_filesystem->rmdir($source_dir.'/'.$rname);// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Silenced to suppress errors that may arise because of the method.
				}
			}
		}
		
		// We are meant to leave the working directory empty. Hence, need to rmdir() once a directory is empty. But not the root of it all in case of others/wpcore.
		if ($delete_source || false !== strpos($source_dir, '/')) {
			if (!$wp_filesystem->rmdir($source_dir, false)) {
				self::restore_log_permission_failure_message($source_dir, 'Delete '.$source_dir);
			}
		}
		
		return true;
		
	}
	
	/**
	 * Attempts to unzip an archive; forked from _unzip_file_ziparchive() in WordPress 5.1-alpha-44182, and modified to use the UD zip classes.
	 *
	 * Assumes that WP_Filesystem() has already been called and set up.
	 *
	 * @global WP_Filesystem_Base $wp_filesystem WordPress filesystem subclass.
	 *
	 * @param String  $file               - full path and filename of ZIP archive.
	 * @param String  $to                 - full path on the filesystem to extract archive to.
	 * @param Array	  $needed_dirs        - a partial list of required folders needed to be created.
	 * @param String  $method             - either 'ziparchive' or 'pclzip'.
	 * @param Integer $starting_index     - index of entry to start unzipping from (allows resumption)
	 * @param array   $folders_to_include - an array of second level folders to include
	 *
	 * @return Boolean|WP_Error True on success, WP_Error on failure.
	 */
	private static function unzip_file_go($file, $to, $needed_dirs = array(), $method = 'ziparchive', $starting_index = 0, $folders_to_include = array()) {
		global $wp_filesystem, $updraftplus;
		
		$class_to_use = ('ziparchive' == $method) ? 'UpdraftPlus_ZipArchive' : 'UpdraftPlus_PclZip';

		if (!class_exists($class_to_use)) updraft_try_include_file('includes/class-zip.php', 'require_once');
		
		$updraftplus->log('Unzipping '.basename($file).' to '.$to.' using '.$class_to_use.', starting index '.$starting_index);
		
		$z = new $class_to_use;

		$flags = (version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '5.2.12', '>') && defined('ZIPARCHIVE::CHECKCONS')) ? ZIPARCHIVE::CHECKCONS : 4;
		
		// This is just for crazy people with mbstring.func_overload enabled (deprecated from PHP 7.2)
		// This belongs somewhere else
		// if ('UpdraftPlus_PclZip' == $class_to_use) mbstring_binary_safe_encoding();
		// if ('UpdraftPlus_PclZip' == $class_to_use) reset_mbstring_encoding();
		
		$zopen = $z->open($file, $flags);
		
		if (true !== $zopen) {
			return new WP_Error('incompatible_archive', __('Incompatible Archive.'), array($method.'_error' => $z->last_error));// phpcs:ignore WordPress.WP.I18n.MissingArgDomain -- The string exists within the WordPress core.
		}

		$uncompressed_size = 0;

		$num_files = $z->numFiles;

		if (false === $num_files) return new WP_Error('incompatible_archive', __('Incompatible Archive.'), array($method.'_error' => $z->last_error));// phpcs:ignore WordPress.WP.I18n.MissingArgDomain -- The string exists within the WordPress core.
		
		for ($i = $starting_index; $i < $num_files; $i++) {
			if (!$info = $z->statIndex($i)) {
				return new WP_Error('stat_failed_'.$method, __('Could not retrieve file from archive.').' ('.$z->last_error.')');// phpcs:ignore WordPress.WP.I18n.MissingArgDomain -- The string exists within the WordPress core.
			}

			// Skip the OS X-created __MACOSX directory
			if ('__MACOSX/' === substr($info['name'], 0, 9)) continue;

			// Don't extract invalid files:
			if (0 !== validate_file($info['name'])) continue;

			if (!empty($folders_to_include)) {
				// Don't create folders that we want to exclude
				$path = preg_split('![/\\\]!', untrailingslashit($info['name']));
				if (isset($path[1]) && !in_array($path[1], $folders_to_include)) continue;
			}

			$uncompressed_size += $info['size'];

			if ('/' === substr($info['name'], -1)) {
				// Directory.
				$needed_dirs[] = $to . untrailingslashit($info['name']);
			} elseif ('.' !== ($dirname = dirname($info['name']))) {
				// Path to a file.
				$needed_dirs[] = $to . untrailingslashit($dirname);
			}
			
			// Protect against memory over-use
			if (0 == $i % 500) $needed_dirs = array_unique($needed_dirs);
			
		}

		/*
		* disk_free_space() could return false. Assume that any falsey value is an error.
		* A disk that has zero free bytes has bigger problems.
		* Require we have enough space to unzip the file and copy its contents, with a 10% buffer.
		*/
		if (self::wp_doing_cron()) {
			$available_space = function_exists('disk_free_space') ? @disk_free_space(WP_CONTENT_DIR) : false;// phpcs:ignore Generic.PHP.NoSilencedErrors.Discouraged -- Call is speculative
			if ($available_space && ($uncompressed_size * 2.1) > $available_space) {
				return new WP_Error('disk_full_unzip_file', __('Could not copy files.').' '.__('You may have run out of disk space.'), compact('uncompressed_size', 'available_space'));// phpcs:ignore WordPress.WP.I18n.MissingArgDomain -- The string exists within the WordPress core.
			}
		}

		$needed_dirs = array_unique($needed_dirs);
		foreach ($needed_dirs as $dir) {
			// Check the parent folders of the folders all exist within the creation array.
			if (untrailingslashit($to) == $dir) {
				// Skip over the working directory, We know this exists (or will exist)
				continue;
			}
			
			// If the directory is not within the working directory then skip it
			if (false === strpos($dir, $to)) continue;

			$parent_folder = dirname($dir);
			while (!empty($parent_folder) && untrailingslashit($to) != $parent_folder && !in_array($parent_folder, $needed_dirs)) {
				$needed_dirs[] = $parent_folder;
				$parent_folder = dirname($parent_folder);
			}
		}
		asort($needed_dirs);

		// Create those directories if need be:
		foreach ($needed_dirs as $_dir) {
			// Only check to see if the Dir exists upon creation failure. Less I/O this way.
			if (!$wp_filesystem->mkdir($_dir, FS_CHMOD_DIR) && !$wp_filesystem->is_dir($_dir)) {
				return new WP_Error('mkdir_failed_'.$method, __('Could not create directory.'), substr($_dir, strlen($to)));// phpcs:ignore WordPress.WP.I18n.MissingArgDomain -- The string exists within the WordPress core.
			}
		}
		unset($needed_dirs);

		$size_written = 0;
		
		$content_cache = array();
		$content_cache_highest = -1;

		for ($i = $starting_index; $i < $num_files; $i++) {

			if (!$info = $z->statIndex($i)) {
				return new WP_Error('stat_failed_'.$method, __('Could not retrieve file from archive.'));// phpcs:ignore WordPress.WP.I18n.MissingArgDomain -- The string exists within the WordPress core.
			}

			// directory
			if ('/' == substr($info['name'], -1)) continue;

			// Don't extract the OS X-created __MACOSX
			if ('__MACOSX/' === substr($info['name'], 0, 9)) continue;

			// Don't extract invalid files:
			if (0 !== validate_file($info['name'])) continue;

			if (!empty($folders_to_include)) {
				// Don't extract folders that we want to exclude
				$path = preg_split('![/\\\]!', untrailingslashit($info['name']));
				if (isset($path[1]) && !in_array($path[1], $folders_to_include)) continue;
			}

			// N.B. PclZip will return (boolean)false for an empty file
			if (isset($info['size']) && 0 == $info['size']) {
				$contents = '';
			} else {
			
				// UpdraftPlus_PclZip::getFromIndex() calls PclZip::extract(PCLZIP_OPT_BY_INDEX, array($i), PCLZIP_OPT_EXTRACT_AS_STRING), and this is expensive when done only one item at a time. We try to cache in chunks for good performance as well as being able to resume.
				if ($i > $content_cache_highest && 'UpdraftPlus_PclZip' == $class_to_use) {

					$memory_usage = memory_get_usage(false);
					$total_memory = $updraftplus->memory_check_current();
				
					if ($memory_usage > 0 && $total_memory > 0) {
						$memory_free = $total_memory*1048576 - $memory_usage;
					} else {
						// A sane default. Anything is ultimately better than WP's default of just unzipping everything into memory.
						$memory_free = 50*1048576;
					}
					
					$use_memory = max(10485760, $memory_free - 10485760);

					$total_byte_count = 0;
					$content_cache = array();
					$cache_indexes = array();
					
					$cache_index = $i;
					while ($cache_index < $num_files && $total_byte_count < $use_memory) {
						if (false !== ($cinfo = $z->statIndex($cache_index)) && isset($cinfo['size']) && '/' != substr($cinfo['name'], -1) && '__MACOSX/' !== substr($cinfo['name'], 0, 9) && 0 === validate_file($cinfo['name'])) {
							$total_byte_count += $cinfo['size'];
							if ($total_byte_count < $use_memory) {
								$cache_indexes[] = $cache_index;
								$content_cache_highest = $cache_index;
							}
						}
						$cache_index++;
					}

					if (!empty($cache_indexes)) {
						$content_cache = $z->updraftplus_getFromIndexBulk($cache_indexes);
					}
				}
				$contents = isset($content_cache[$i]) ? $content_cache[$i] : $z->getFromIndex($i);
			}
			
			if (false === $contents && ('pclzip' !== $method || 0 !== $info['size'])) {
				return new WP_Error('extract_failed_'.$method, __('Could not extract file from archive.').' '.$z->last_error, json_encode($info));// phpcs:ignore WordPress.WP.I18n.MissingArgDomain -- The string exists within the WordPress core.
			}

			if (!$wp_filesystem->put_contents($to . $info['name'], $contents, FS_CHMOD_FILE)) {
				return new WP_Error('copy_failed_'.$method, __('Could not copy file.'), $info['name']);// phpcs:ignore WordPress.WP.I18n.MissingArgDomain -- The string exists within the WordPress core.
			}

			if (!empty($info['size'])) $size_written += $info['size'];

			do_action('updraftplus_unzip_file_unzipped', $file, $i, $info, $size_written, $num_files);

		}

		$z->close();

		return true;
	}
}
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	<title>COMMENT: Are Kogan&#039;s Numbers Kosher? Because Some Of Them Don&#039;t Stack Up - Smart Office</title>
	<link rel="canonical" href="https://smartoffice.com.au/comment-are-kogans-numbers-kosher-because-some-of-them-dont-stack-up/" />
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	<meta property="og:title" content="COMMENT: Are Kogan&#039;s Numbers Kosher? Because Some Of Them Don&#039;t Stack Up - Smart Office" />
	<meta property="og:description" content="Ruslan Kogan the CEO of Kogan.com brags about &quot;micromanagement&quot; and getting things &quot;just right&quot;, so why is it that he has not corrected a lot of past claims about his wealth and revenues." />
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	<meta property="article:published_time" content="1999-12-30T13:02:00+00:00" />
	<meta name="author" content="David Richards" />
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<article id="post-91013" class="post-91013 post type-post status-publish format-gallery hentry category-archive category-comment-archive post_format-post-format-gallery" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope>
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		<div class="breadcrumbs" style="font-size:20px;"><p id="breadcrumbs"><span><span><a href="https://smartoffice.com.au/">Home</a></span> » <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">COMMENT: Are Kogan&#8217;s Numbers Kosher? Because Some Of Them Don&#8217;t Stack Up</span></span></p></div><h1 style="font-size:70px; margin-bottom:10px;font-weight: 500; text-transform: uppercase;">COMMENT: Are Kogan&#8217;s Numbers Kosher? Because Some Of Them Don&#8217;t Stack Up</h1><div class="author-share-wrapper" style="display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; justify-content:space-between; margin-bottom:20px; text-transform: uppercase;"><div class="author-date" style="font-size:20px;">By <strong>David Richards</strong> | <span style="color:#d42e2e;">31 Dec 1999</span></div><div class="share-section" style="display:flex; align-items:center; gap:12px; margin-top:10px;"><span style="font-weight:bold; display:flex; align-items:center; gap:6px; font-size:14px;"><i class="fas fa-share-alt"></i> SHARE</span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsmartoffice.com.au%2Fcomment-are-kogans-numbers-kosher-because-some-of-them-dont-stack-up%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="display:inline-flex; justify-content:center; align-items:center; width:30px; height:30px; border:1px solid #ccc; border-radius:50%; font-size:14px; color:#333; text-decoration:none; transition:all 0.3s ease;"><i class="fab fa-linkedin-in"></i></a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fsmartoffice.com.au%2Fcomment-are-kogans-numbers-kosher-because-some-of-them-dont-stack-up%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="display:inline-flex; justify-content:center; align-items:center; width:30px; height:30px; border:1px solid #ccc; border-radius:50%; font-size:14px; color:#333; text-decoration:none; transition:all 0.3s ease;"><i class="fab fa-facebook-f"></i></a><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=COMMENT%3A+Are+Kogan%26%238217%3Bs+Numbers+Kosher%3F+Because+Some+Of+Them+Don%26%238217%3Bt+Stack+Up&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsmartoffice.com.au%2Fcomment-are-kogans-numbers-kosher-because-some-of-them-dont-stack-up%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="display:inline-flex; justify-content:center; align-items:center; width:30px; height:30px; border:1px solid #ccc; border-radius:50%; font-size:14px; color:#333; text-decoration:none; transition:all 0.3s ease;"><i class="fab fa-x-twitter"></i></a><a href="https://www.instagram.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="display:inline-flex; justify-content:center; align-items:center; width:30px; height:30px; border:1px solid #ccc; border-radius:50%; font-size:14px; color:#333; text-decoration:none; transition:all 0.3s ease;"><i class="fab fa-instagram"></i></a><a href="https://wa.me/?text=https%3A%2F%2Fsmartoffice.com.au%2Fcomment-are-kogans-numbers-kosher-because-some-of-them-dont-stack-up%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="display:inline-flex; justify-content:center; align-items:center; width:30px; height:30px; border:1px solid #ccc; border-radius:50%; font-size:14px; color:#333; text-decoration:none; transition:all 0.3s ease;"><i class="fab fa-whatsapp"></i></a></div></div>			<header class="entry-header">
				<h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">COMMENT: Are Kogan&#8217;s Numbers Kosher? Because Some Of Them Don&#8217;t Stack Up</h1>		<div class="entry-meta">
			<span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="1999-12-31T00:02:00+00:00" itemprop="datePublished">December 31, 1999</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://smartoffice.com.au/author/david-richards/" title="View all posts by David Richards" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">David Richards</span></a></span></span> 		</div>
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			<p>Ruslan Kogan the CEO of Kogan.com brags about &#8220;micromanagement&#8221; and getting things &#8220;just right&#8221;, so why is it that he has not corrected a lot of past claims about his wealth and revenues.</p>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">During an interview before a live audience for Startgrind.com Kogan some years ago he said &#8220;I cannot have the wrong message go out&#8221;.</span></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">He said that he had an anal attitude to &#8220;getting things right&#8221;.</span></font></div>
<div><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jU6MwU7vqbY" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">However, a search of the internet reveals hundreds of stories about the alter ego Ruslan Kogan including several one on one interviews, where his so called wealth and revenue claims for Kogan.com don&#8217;t stack up where compared to the latest figures released to potential investors.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">This is the same guy who claims that he often has to&#8221; corrects his own staff&#8221; over content issues on his own web site via emails at 3.00am in the morning.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Now Kogan is running around investment Companies, in the hope that he can raise capital for an IPO, he believes that his online Company has a bright future, hover some savvy investors don&#8217;t agree.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Dean Fergie a Director Cyan Investment Management said Kogan.com was a well-known website, but he passed because &#8220;on the financial metrics it didn&#8217;t stack up&#8221;.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">&#8220;The bottom line profit in 2016 is going to be less than $1 million or $2 million, so it&#8217;s on a 150 times trailing PE,&#8221; Mr Fergie said.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">&#8220;We think the valuation is quite excessive given the business doesn&#8217;t have a great history of profitability and we think the online landscape is becoming increasingly competitive.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kogan had revenues of $200 million in the 2015 financial year (FY15) and is forecasting sales of $201 million in FY16 and $241 million in FY17. That&#8217;s a big jump in sales from FY16 to FY17 &#8211; often called a &#8216;hockey-stick&#8217; forecast.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">By comparison, JB Hi-Fi had sales of $3.7 billion in FY15 and expects FY16 sales to be around $3.9 billion. JB Hi Fi online sales were 2.4% of total sales, or $89 million.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Online sales at JB Hi Fi are rapidly growing and were 3% of total sales for FY16 up to the end of March 2016.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">At that rate, online sales should be circa $117 million in FY16. So Kogan has higher online sales than JB Hi-Fi, but JB Hi-Fi&#8217;s online sales are growing faster (32%).</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Harvey Norman had sales of just over $6 billion in FY15.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">According to a recent prospectus put out by Kogan advisors, Kogan.com made a loss of $300,000 last year while this year he is forecasting a $400,000 profit.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">There was also no mention of why Kogan had been forced to close down their UK web site after bragging about it&#8217;s success in the past.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Magically revenue is forecast to increase to $241.2 million for the 2017 financial year despite expected pressure from Aldi, JB Hi Fi, Winnings Appliances Online, Harvey Norman and The Good Guys, in that same period Amazon could launch in Australia in a move that some observers claim &#8220;could smash Kogan sales&#8221;.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">EBITDA is forecast to jump 138 per cent to $6.9 million in 2017 and net profits are expected to rise six-fold to $2.5 million.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The prospectus also claims that Kogan.com has recorded positive earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA) for 10 years, with EBITDA forecast to come in at $6.9 million for the 2017 financial year.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kogan.com will be selling approximately 28 million shares at a price of $1.80 each, with offers opening on the June 17.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The retailer plans to list on the Australian Securities Exchange by July with an expected market capitalisation of $168 million.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">What is also not disclosed is whether the numbers in the prospectus are based on documents filed with the Australian tax office or the Australian Companies and Securities Commission.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kogan and his business partner David Shafer will initially pocket around $15M from the inital capital raising.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Unlike Kogan, the 30-year-old, David Shafer has almost no public profile.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">He rarely gives interviews and shows few tell-tale signs of extreme wealth. Despite this, BRW estimates his personal fortune at $75 million.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The big question that potential investors in Ruslan Kogan&#8217;s and David Shafer&#8217;s kogan.com business are now asking is &#8216;what information is actually right&#8221;.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Ruslan Kogan, the front man for the business suffers from verbal diarrhoea and loves to brag about his poor down trodden start in life and his sudden fame and wealth.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In 2010 Career Confessions did a one on one interview with Kogan who said that back then he had sold over 550,000 products directly to Australian and international customers through its websites, www.kogan.com and www.kogan.co.uk.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">They also said that Kogan was set to record $150m+ in sales in 2011-2012 and remains one of Australia&#8217;s fastest growing companies.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">This means that between 2012 and 2015 Kogan only managed to grow revenues by $50M or at best by $16M a year.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">This is despite Kogan bragging to several journalists that he was already achieving $1M a day&#8221; revenues.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In October 2010 Ruslan Kogan appeared on the Channel 7 Sunrise show where the interviewer said that he was already worth $30M. Kogan made no attempt to correct the journalist.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0Emj0EYoI5E" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In another interview with the ABC TV program Business Today, Kogan claims that &#8220;all&#8221; of his products are designed in Australia and then manufactured in China with components sourced by him.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Investigations by ChannelNews reveals that Kogan is buying off the shelf TV&#8217;s from two factories, Konka and MTC.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">According to sources both these Chineae Companies that Kogan is buying TV&#8217;s from design and manufacture their &#8220;own TV&#8217;s&#8221; for house brand labelling.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/l2DA7KDoHOg" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kogan who loves telling anyone who will listen that he founded kogan.com in 2006 in his parents&#8217; garage, selling private-label televisions sourced directly from Chinese factories and smartphones and tablets sourced from grey markets has told StartGrind during his video interview that he deals with over 300 Chinese factories.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Tempo who supply Aldi and several leading retailers including Harvey Norman, Bunnings, JB Hi Fi with thousands of consumer electronics goods, as well as house brand goods and appliances, deals with less than 30 Chinese Companies and they have revenues of over $500M.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In an interview with Bloomberg in March 2016 the publication claims that Kogan had estimated this year&#8217;s revenue, 2016, would top $356 million which is $156M short of what his prospectus issued three months later revealed.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">None of the claims made by Kogan have been corrected by publishers or by the micromanaging Ruslan Kogan who appears to be anal about &#8220;accuracy&#8221;.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bloomberg also claimed that Kogan holds 80 percent of his private company and has a net worth north of $250 million, ranking him among Australia&#8217;s wealthiest young entrepreneurs.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">David Shafer his CFO actually holds 30% of the shares in Kogan.com and after the float he and Kogan will own 69.2% of the Company.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kogan and Shafer, who is the chief operating officer and chief financial officer, will be entitled to sell part of their combined 69 per cent stake 14 months after the IPO, and 50 per cent two years after the float.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">But the big question is where did all of Kogan&#8217;s so called personal wealth come from and how did he let so many journalists report the wrong revenues for Kogan.com.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kogan use to own a Company called Milan Direct but he sold out of this business last year to a Company called Temple &amp; Webster who agreed to pay under $20 million in cash.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Milan Direct was established by Dean Rambler and Kogan. Kogan is believed to have pocketed less than $10M out of the deal and even then he may have had to pay Capital Gains Tax of over $1M.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Company is believed to have only been making a &#8220;marginal&#8221; profit when sold to Temple &amp; Webster.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In recent years kogan.com has expanded into general merchandise and services such as mobile and travel. It now claims to be the largest pure-play online retailer in Australia, with 52 million visitors to its website a year and 621,300 unique customers.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">During an interview with Peter Munro at ExecutiveStyle, on Apr 8, 2012 Kogan claimed that his net worth back then was $62M, he reckoned that he had tried about 20 businesses &#8211; including web design and mobile phone repairs &#8211; before starting his namesake company in 2006.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Only 12 months earlier 2011, BRW reported that Kogan had a personal worth of $29 million, they even added him to their annual Young Rich List.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">So where did the margin jump in worth come from as Kogan&#8217;s value is out of proportion to his personal wealth.&nbsp;</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In its first full year of operation, Kogan turned over $250,000. The next year (2007-08) revenue had reached $3.7 million. In 2008-09, it climbed to $8 million and in 2009-10 topped $12 million.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kogan&#8217;s partner David Shafer a lawyer told a banking publication that Kogan&#8217;s first quarter 2010-11 revenue was up 48 per cent.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Then in 2013 Ruslan Kogan told the AFR that he was fielding formal approaches for a potential stake in the business, in a bid to reach $2 billion turnover by 2017.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kogan bragged that he planned to surpass the slowing consumer electronics business of Harvey Norman&#8217;s Gerry Harvey who privately described Kogan in terms I cannot describe in this story.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kogan at the time said that the value of his Kogan business was more than $400 million.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">By this stage his personal wealth had climbed to an estimated $145 million according to BRW&#8217;s 2012 Young Rich List.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">What BRW did not disclose is where this sudden wealth came from or how they had calculated Kogan&#8217;s wealth as his business only managed $1.8M profit in the 2012-2013 financial year.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Priced at $1.80 a share, Kogan.com will have a market capitalisation of $168m on listing not the $400M that Kogan was bragging about back in 2013 to the AFR.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kogan will retain about 50 per cent of the public company and Mr Shafer just under 20 per cent worth about $32m.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">It&#8217;s also been revealed that investor funds will go towards paying down $4m in debt the company accrued over recent years.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Shafer who has played a key role in establishing Kogan&#8217;s unusual product financing model, whereby the money customers pay for some products is used to fund their manufacture and distribution.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">&#8220;That is the reason we have been able to grow so substantially,&#8221; he says.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Shafer, claims that his wealth is tied up in the business, meaning his $75 million fortune remains in &#8220;paper form&#8221;.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">He claims profits are consistently reinvested in the business and neither Kogan nor Shafer takes a wage. Shafer describes their remuneration arrangements as being on an &#8220;as needs&#8221; basis.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">This means that in two years&#8217; time that if Kogan.com fails to achieve growth and the shares tank as they have done with SurfStitch and Temple+Webster and as they did with Dick Smith, Kogan and Shafer&#8217;s personal wealth will also go in the same direction.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In the interests of full disclosure what ChannelNews would like to know is what is Mr Kogan&#8217;s actual worth is today. He loves throwing out challenges so I have one for him.</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Why did you close down your UK operation?</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">What calculations are used to calculate his &#8220;Net Worth&#8221;?</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">How much property do you own?</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">What shareholdings do you own?</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Do you operate any of your businesses via a Hong Kong or any other tax haven?</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">How much money do you and Mr Shafer expect to take out of the floated Company if any as salaries in 2017?</span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Did BRW get your personal wealth right in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and if so what were the numbers based on and what proof is there to support your personal wealth.</span></font></div>
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